When the iBoot finishes its tasks, it verifies and runs the iOS or iPadOS kernel. This is the first step in the chain of trust, in which each step checks that the next is signed by Apple. The Boot ROM code contains the Apple Root certificate authority (CA) public key - used to verify that the iBoot bootloader is signed by Apple before allowing it to load. This immutable code, known as the hardware root of trust, is laid down during chip fabrication and is implicitly trusted. When an iOS or iPadOS device is turned on, its Application Processor immediately executes code from read-only memory referred to as Boot ROM. This secure boot chain is designed to verify that the lowest levels of software aren’t tampered with. These components include the bootloaders, the kernel, kernel extensions and mobile baseband firmware.
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